Different Doses Of Gamma Radiation Research Articles

The effect of gamma rays and stearic acid on calcium carbonate and its impact on the properties of epoxy-based composites

Abstract The purpose of this research is to produce composites of epoxy resin and calcium carbonate (EP/CaCO3) and investigate how treating the CaCO3 filler with stearic acid and gamma radiation affects the properties of the epoxy composites, enhancing their suitability for a range of applications. The CaCO3 powder was subjected to stearic acid treatment and later exposed to γ-radiation at various doses namely (10, 20 and 30 kGy), Different weight percentages of untreated and treated CaCO3 powder were added to epoxy resin (EP) to create EP/CaCO3 composites loaded with varying amounts of CaCO3 filler (5 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %). The influence of both stearic acid treatment and different doses of gamma radiation on CaCO3 was investigated. The composites were subjected to characterization of various properties including mechanical (splitting tensile strength, impact strength), thermal (TGA and dimensional thermal analysis) as well as morphological SEM examination. The analysis’ findings demonstrated that the stearic acid monolayer functions as a coupling agent in the EP matrix and can coat CaCO3 particles efficiently. The modification of CaCO3 by stearic acid and exposure to 30 kGy of gamma radiation shows a notable improvement in thermal stability and mechanical qualities for the epoxy composites loaded with various CaCO3 concentrations.

Gamma irradiation was able to degrade the glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) from drinking water analyzed by LC-MS/MS

Glyphosate is the most widely used systemic herbicide in the world, applied post-emergence to control weeds and is non-selective. However, due to its toxicity to aquatic organisms and high persistence in water, it is necessary to conduct studies on the decontamination of water resources with glyphosate residues and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). The objective of this study was to evaluate the degradation of glyphosate and AMPA in drinking water using gamma irradiation. First, the drinking water sample was found to be free of the herbicide and its metabolite, and then three concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA alone were added (0.5, 5.0, and 50.0 mg L-1). The samples were then exposed to different doses of gamma irradiation (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10 kGy) in a cobalt-60 (60Co) source. The procedure was performed at room temperature with a dose of 0.08 kGy h-1 from the irradiator (source power: 215.95 Ci). Glyphosate and AMPA were quantified by Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A pseudo-first order model was fitted from the kinetic study of the degradation of the chemicals. The irradiation doses required to degrade 50% of glyphosate (D0.5=8.97, 12.03, and 9.73 kGy) and the value for complete degradation (90%) of the herbicide (D0.9=29.82, 39.97, and 32.34 kGy), as the value of the dose constant (k), were 0.0772, 0.0576, and 0.0712 kGy-1 at concentrations of 0.5, 5.0, and 50.0 mg L-1, respectively. The increase in gamma irradiationgradually decreased of glyphosate and AMPA in drinking water. Thus, this study showed that the use of gamma irradiation can decontaminate drinking water with glyphosate and AMPA residues and be used in treatment plants, but it is necessary to use higher doses of radiation.

Evaluation of Postharvest Behaviour of Bitter Gourd as Influenced by Gamma Irradiation and Modified Atmosphere Packaging

An experiment was conducted at the Postharvest Laboratory of Horticulture Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture during November to December 2022to examine the effects of different doses of gamma irradiation and Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on shelf life and quality of bitter gourd at ambient condition. The experiment comprised ten postharvest treatment viz., T0 =Control (untreated, unwrapped and non-irradiated); T1 =Gourds wrapped in Polypropylene (PP) bag; T2 =Gourds treated with 3% CaCl2; T3  = Irradiated at1000 Gy, T4= Irradiated at2000 Gy, T5 =3% CaCl2+  PP bag, T6 = 1000 Gy+ PP bag, T7  = 2000 Gy+ PP bag, T8 =3% CaCl2, + 1000 Gy+ PP bag and T9 = 3% CaCl2 + 2000 Gy+ PP bag. The single-factor experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Parameters investigated were fruit colour, shrinkage, moisture content, dry matter content, weight loss, disease incidence (DI), disease severity (DS) and shelf life. The minimum weight loss (3.49%), shrinkage (0.00%), DI (11.11%),DS (6.67%) and longest shelf life (10 days) were found in bitter gourds treated with T8 treatment, whereas the maximum weight loss (52.31%), shrinkage (3.89%), DI (77.78%), DS (76.67%) and shortest shelf life (4 days) were T0 treatment at 8 days after storage. The findings would have great impact in reducing enormous postharvest loss of bitter gourd and maintain their quality during postharvest handling and marketing under ambient condition. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 37(2): 57-68, 2023

Effects of γ-Irradiation and Sample Aging on the AC-Electrical Properties of Epoxy/ZnO/CB Hybrid Nanocomposites

The goal of this paper is to study the effects of gamma irradiation and samples’ aging on the AC-electrical properties of hybrid epoxy resin as a function of frequency, temperature, and (zinc oxide) ZnO content (0, 0.049, 0.099, 0.149, and 0.199 wt) at 0.001 wt of conductive (carbon black) CB nanoparticles. The irradiation processes were administered at room temperature in a gamma chamber utilizing a Cobalt 60 source of average energy = 1.25 MeV with doses = 100, 750, and 1000 Gy. The AC-electrical properties, including the impedance, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, conductivity, and activation energy of the nanocomposites, were initially studied after years of sample preparations. The collected empirical data were later analyzed before and after the gamma irradiation. The results showed that exposing samples to different doses of gamma radiation affects these AC-electrical properties significantly. It was found that the energy gap decreased as the dosage of gamma radiation increased. This could be explained as the gamma-irradiation processes induce changes in the structure of the epoxy hybrid nanocomposites by reinforcing the metal–polymer bonding and hence, causing the release of more free electrons inside the hybrid nanocomposites. Moreover, the sample aging results showed that the AC-electrical conductivity decreased with time for all samples. Hence, this study demonstrated why the γ-irradiation technique can be considered a powerful way to treat, recover, and/or enhance the electrical features of the tested epoxy hybrid nanocomposites.

Effects of Gamma Radiation on Microbial Load and Chemical Constituents from Stem Barks of Luehea ochrophylla

Gamma radiation is an effective method for microbial decontamination of plant materials. However, this treatment can induce changes in the chemical structure of plant constituents. Stem barks of Luehea ochrophylla were exposed to different doses of gamma radiation to evaluate decontamination efficiency and changes in chemical composition of plant material including phenolic fraction. The major microbial contaminants of non-irradiated samples were isolated and identified as the fungal species Eurotium chevalieri L. Mangin and Lecythophora decumbens. The dose of 5.0 kGy was effective to achieve total decontamination of the stem barks of L. ochrophylla. The formation of free radicals was verified in the plant material using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and was supposed to be related to the trans-aconitic acid, a plant constituent. It was the only secondary metabolite to have its concentration significantly altered with radiation in phenolic fraction, as observed by liquid chromatography with diode array detector coupled to mass spectroscopy (LC-DAD-MS). The trans-aconitic acid was isolated and exposed to gamma radiation in aqueous medium. Its concentration decreased after exposition to a dose of 3.0 kGy, corroborating the supposition of its degradation. Citric acid was the main radiolytic product formed by irradiation of trans-aconitic acid in the presence of water.

Evaluation of the Effect of Different Doses of Gamma Radiation to Induce Variation in in vitro Raised Plants of Chrysanthemum

Variation induction using gamma radiation in in vitro raised chrysanthemum is one of the most useful methods in floriculture. Different doses of gamma radiation have a negative effect on the in vitro shoot regeneration rate. Irradiation of in vitro micro shoots with highest dose 25Gy produced only 3.90% and 9.93% of BRAI Chry-1 and BARI Chry-2 micro shoots. But the lowest dose 5Gy could regenerate the highest percentage of shoots for both varieties. The LD50 obtained from the survival percentage of the irradiated in vitro raised shoots was found at 9.25 Gy for BARI Chry-1 and 11.19 for BARI Chry-2 variety. Successful mutation can be found around the LD50 doses of a specific genotype. During hardening of the M1V5 regenerants of BARI Chry-1 and BARI Chry-2 raised from 15Gy irradiated micro shoots showed highest variation regarding leaf structure, size of the internode and plant height. M1V5 regenerants developed from 10Gy of both varieties produced 20 to 50 percent variations. In future gamma radiation dose between 10-15Gy would be more effective to get variation in this flower.   Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 33(2): 155-165, 2023 (December)  

CIM-Suras: A menthol rich, erect growth habit, sucker producing and high yielding peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) variety

Peppermint (Mentha piperita L., Lamiaceae), is an essential oil-bearing crop cultivated in temperate and sub-tropical countries for perfumery and aroma industries. The plant is vegetatively propagated through runners derived from mother stalks of the plants, resulting in a low genetic base. Induced mutagenesis is a unique and supplemental breeding approach to overcome the limitations of a low genetic base. A few popular varieties, namely Kukrail, Tushar, Pranjal and CIM-Madhuras, have already been released for commercial cultivation. However, all of those have creeping growth habit, propagation only by runners, low oil content, low oil yield, and higher than 5% menthofuran content. Due to these drawbacks of previously released varieties, CSIR- CIMAP has used mutation breeding to develop a peppermint variety with erect growth habit, sucker-producing ability, and increased oil yield with high menthol and low menthofuran content. CIMAP/MPS-36, a half-sib seed progeny of variety Kukrail, served as the mother genotype for mutation breeding using different doses of gamma irradiation. A mutant, MPS-3633, was identified as a novel and promising mutant with a distinct quality of peppermint oil and released for its commercial cultivation in the name of variety CIM-Suras. CIM-Suras displayed novel and industrially useful characteristics, i.e. high menthol (68–78%) content with low menthofuran (0.2-0.8%) content, sucker generating, erect growth habit, flower-bearing and an increase in herb yield, oil content, and oil yield. This cultivar could be a sustainable solution to bottlenecks of already released peppermint varieties. Further, dementholisation (DMO) can be used as peppermint oil and to extract menthol from oil.

Dosimetry and radio-stimulation in mesquite (Neltuma laevigata W.) seeds

Objective: To carry out research focused on the germination response of mesquite (Neltuma laevigata) to different doses of gamma radiation (Cobalt 60), in order to obtain a higher germination response than with a non-irradiated seed. Design/Methodology/Approach: Seeds had different collection times and identities. One set was collected in Durango (10 years) and another in Hidalgo (2 months). Both sets were exposed to sixteen different doses of gamma radiation and a control (non-irradiated); they were subsequently subjected to in vitro conditions using a Murashige and Skoog basal medium. They were monitored daily for two weeks in order to develop an accurate record of their germination. Results: The best treatment for the radio-stimulation of germination in the Durango set was observed at 30 gray (12% higher than the control). Meanwhile, the Hidalgo set received 6 gray radiation (56% higher than the control). Study Limitations/Implications: Only two different populations were evaluated for this study. Given the differences found between them, working with material from other origins would be ideal. Findings/Conclusions: Low doses of gamma radiation cause an increase in the germination rate of seeds.

Gamma Irradiation of Plukenetia volubilis L. Seeds Promotes Several Changes during Its Germination and Vegetative Growth

Plukenetia volubilis (“sacha inchi”) is a perennial plant that produces edible seeds with a remarkable lipid composition that is highly concentrated in polyunsaturated essential fatty acids. Inca nut seeds have potential use for lowering malnutrition, enhancing sustainable food production systems, reforestation, and the pharmaceutical industry. The establishment of genetic variability, through spontaneous mutations or induced mutations, can bring desirable and undesirable agronomic traits. Our research focused on studying the impact of gamma radiation on P. volubilis seeds during their germination and vegetative growth. For this purpose, we exposed seeds to different doses of gamma irradiation (0, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, and 900 Gy) and planted them under in vitro and greenhouse conditions following a completely random design. Our findings showed that gamma radiation treatments did not affect the germination of P. volubilis seeds but affected its root tip growth. An analysis on morphological and physiological parameters revealed a reduction in seedling size and weight when the irradiation doses were increased. Also, the pattern of plant organ development changed as its gamma irradiation was increased. Finally, our analysis found that median lethal dose (LD50) for P. volubilis L. seeds is 618.78 Gy. Our findings can be used as an important reference for plant breeding in this species.

The effect of gamma irradiation treatment on quinoa flour: Quantification of saponin, phytic acid, antioxidant activity, and oxidative properties

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) has been considered a good source of nutrients and natural antioxidants, including phenolic compounds. However, the presence of anti-nutrient compounds in the quinoa, including saponin and phytic acid, has limited its consumption. The current study aimed to determine the effects of different doses of gamma irradiation (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 kGy) on saponin, phytic acid, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP) of quinoa flour. Then, the oxidation parameters, including Free Fatty acid, peroxide value, and TBARs, were investigated. Also, the foaming capacity and foaming stability of irradiated samples were studied. Results indicated the significant impact of gamma irradiation on the reduction of saponin (about 77% at 10 kGy) and phytic acid (about 36% at 10 kGy) up to 10 kGy. Increasing the irradiation dose from 0.5 to 10 kGy decreased the TPC, TFC, DPPH, and FRAP values. While at a dose of 2.5 kGy irradiation, a slight increase in all parameters was observed. Also, the peroxide value and T-BARS increased by increasing the irradiation dose, while the free fatty acid decreased. The foaming capacity (FC) of the quinoa flour was significantly (p < 0.05) increased up to 5 kGy, and the decrease trend was shown up to 10 kGy irradiation. The present study suggested that the gamma irradiation process at a dose of 2.5 kGy could reduce saponin and phytic acid without significantly damaging the antioxidant compounds.

Gamma irradiation with modified atmosphere packaging extend shelf life of mangoes cv. Himsagar

Irradiation technology has been in use to prolong shelf life and reduces postharvest losses of agricultural produce in many parts of the world as a safe and commercial option for its high efficacy and safety. The research was carried out at the Postharvest Laboratory of Horticulture Division, BINA during the period from June to July 2021 following completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications of 8 fruits per replication. The preharvest bagged and unbagged mangoes (cv. Himsagor) were collected from Bagha Upazila of Rajshai District. Different doses of gamma irradiation (0, 200, 400, and 600 Gy) were applied, and the irradiated mangoes were wrapped in polypropylene (PP) bags of 35μ thickness along with a control treatment to evaluate shelf life and quality at ambient condition. Parameters investigated were colour, texture, TSS, weight loss, disease incidence, disease severity, and vitamin C content during the period of storage. In terms of combined effect of preharvest bagging and gamma irradiation at the 12th day after storage, the minimum weight loss (3.92%), disease incidence (11.00%) and disease severity (8.61%) were found from pre-harvest bagged mangoes when irradiated @ 400 Gy and wrapped in PP bags. In contrast, the maximum weight loss (18.18%), disease incidence (80.00%) and disease severity (74.67%) were found from the preharvest non-bagged and non-irradiated mangoes that were not wrapped. The findings would greatly contribute in reducing postharvest loss of mangoes and maintain their quality during marketing at ambient condition.&#x0D; Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 37(1): 11-22, 2023

Assessing Radiosensitivity: Effects of Acute Ionizing Radiation on Inflammation and Apoptosis in Macrophage Cell Line (RAW 264.7).

Introduction: The responses of biological systems to various types of radiation have multifaceted dimensions. In the field of ionizing radiation, in vitro external gamma radiation therapy has primarily been studied as a model to elucidate the challenges that biological systems face from radiation effects. Exposure of cells/organisms to gamma radiation results in a cascade of ionization events that can cause severe and irreversible biological damage. However, the biological responses and oxidative stress-related mechanisms under acute radiation conditions remain poorly understood in inflammatory systems. The present study aimed to provide a model of the effect of ionizing radiation on macrophages, which play a pivotal role in the mechanisms of inflammation, to assess the impact of radiotherapy as an approach to treating inflammatory diseases. Methods: A macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) was cultured and exposed to different doses of gamma radiation (4, 6, 8, 10 Gy). Cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, expression of pro-inflammatory and apoptotic genes, and cytokine secretion of macrophages were also evaluated. Results: The results showed that gamma radiation at 4 Gy had a low effect on macrophage characteristics and cytokine secretion patterns. In contrast, higher doses (8 and 10 Gy) increased DNA damage, expression of apoptotic genes, and secretion of NO and PGE2 cytokines. 6 Gy radiation, the maximum radiation dose, showed moderate non-destructive effects and inflammation process modulation. In this study, doses higher than 6 Gy of Gamma radiation caused cell mortality. Conclusion: It appears that 6 Gy of gamma radiation modulates the inflammatory cascade caused by macrophage cells.

The potential of gamma irradiation on antioxidant capacity and genomic alterations in Calendula officinalis

There are lines of evidence that ionizing radiations such as gamma rays can cause different biological effects on plants. Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is a member of the family Asteraceae. It possesses profound amounts of active ingredients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes imposed upon different dose levels of gamma radiation on some features of Calendula officinalis such as antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents, antibacterial activity and genomic alterations. Calendula officinalis seeds were exposed to different doses of Gamma radiation (0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 GY). Total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity (measured by DPPH assay) using methanolic extracts of plants and antibacterial activity measured by the disc diffusion assay showed significant differences to the control samples. The samples treated with 10 GY gamma rays showed the highest total phenol and flavonoid contents. Antioxidant activity significantly differed between Gamma rays dose levels and it was the highest at 25 GY. Four bacterial strains including E. coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeroginosa were used for the antibacterial assay. Extracts from plants treated with 25 GY gamma rays showed the highest antibacterial activity against the 4 bacterial strains. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to study the genetic variation. The polymorphism information content (PIC) for RAPD primers ranged from 3% to 13% and ranged from 6 to 13% for ISSR primers. Results indicated that ISSR markers were more efficient than RAPD markers, as they detected 25.57% polymorphic DNA bands compared to 21.31% polymorphism for RAPD markers.

Synergistic effect of Gamma-Irradiation on morphological, structural, and optical properties of Carbon-coated Nickel Cobalt Oxide/rGO nanocomposites

Radiation exposure induces defects in the crystal structure, leading to alterations in the structural, optical, and morphological properties of metal oxides. These irradiated metal oxides have found extensive use in various household applications. In this particular investigation, carbon-coated nickel cobalt oxide/rGO nanocomposites were synthesized through ultrasonication. Subsequently, these nanocomposites were subjected to three different doses of gamma radiation using a 60Co source. Both un-irradiated and irradiated samples were subjected to characterization using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of a spinel-type structure in NiCo2O4. SEM analysis revealed the presence of crumbled sheets of rGO, and the irradiation process caused a transformation of these stacked sheets into thinner sheets. XRD analysis indicated a decrease in crystalline size and an increase in dislocation density with higher doses of gamma irradiation. UV-Vis spectroscopy demonstrated a reduction in both direct and indirect optical band gaps as a result of gamma irradiation. Furthermore, it was observed that Urbach energy and refractive index increased with gamma irradiation. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that gamma irradiation has a significant impact on the morphological, structural, and optical properties of NiCo2O4/rGO@C nanocomposites.

Impact of gamma irradiation and poppy seed extract on quality and storage stability of beef patties

ABSTRACT The present research was conducted to measure the impact of poppy seed extract (PSE) and gamma irradiation on the storage stability and antioxidant profile of beef patties during storage at different packaging. Different doses of gamma irradiation (2.5 kGy and 5 kGy) were applied alone and with combination of 2% PSE. The PSE enriched beef patties were packed (aerobically and vacuum) and kept at refrigeration temperature. The results show that higher value of TBARS and POV was found in 5 kGy aerobically packed samples at 14 day, while the lower value of TVBN was observed in 0 kGy+PSE2% at 0 day. However, the lower value of TBARS, POV and TBVN was found in vacuum packed samples (0kGy +2%PSE) at 0 day. The higher total phenolic contents, ferric reducing antioxidant power and DPPH value were found in 0kGy +2%PSE and lower value was found in samples (5 kGy). The microbial results were observed to decrease with the increase in dose of gamma radiation. The significant changes were observed in the hunter color and sensory attributes of beef patties on different treatment at storage intervals under vacuum and aerobic packaging. Conclusively, PSE, gamma irradiation and both packaging is improved the quality, stability and antioxidants profile of enriched patties.

The Preparation and Characterization of N,N-Dimethyl Acrylamide-Diallyl Maleate Gel/Hydrogel in a Non-Aqueous Solution.

A few drugs need non-aqueous gels for release in the specific region of the intestine. The present work focuses on preparing N,N-Dimethyl acrylamide-Diallyl Maleate (DMAA-DAM) gel in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent by applying different doses of gamma radiation and then characterization. The blend solution of 10%: 10%-DMAA: DAM was prepared in DMSO and irradiated at 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 kGy doses from the Co-60 gamma source. After extraction, it was observed that all of the radiation doses yielded more than 95% gel content. The best gel content was found for 10 kGy dose, which was 97%. The equilibrium swelling was optimized 1800% of the dried gel for 5 kGy dose. Gel formation was confirmed by analyzing characteristic functional groups and the environment of protons in the gel structure by using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The thermal stability was tested using DSC and TGA which showed the glass transition temperature at 86.55 °C and the degradation started at 320 °C. The XRD pattern analysis revealed the semi-crystalline nature of the gel. Therefore, DMAA-DAM gels can be a good candidate for use in different fields of study, especially in drug delivery.

Investigation of the changes in the electrical parameters of solar panels with the passage of operation time

After several years of using solar cells, its electrical parameters are degraded. in this paper, to simulate of aging, solar cells were exposed to the different doses of gamma radiation. The (I–V) characteristics of silicon solar cells were studied before and after gamma irradiation. Experimental results showed that the electrical parameter of solar panel such as short circuit current, open circuit voltage, and efficiency decrease with the increase of the gamma doses. As well as, dependence of Voc and Isc according to the absorbed dose for different illumination levels has been investigated.

Spectrum of chlorophyll mutations and morphological variations in Abelmoschus esculentus L. induced through gamma radiation

Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], is an economically exploited important traditional vegetable crop of the world. The present investigation examined the variability in induced chlorophyll mutants and othermorphological variations in okra. Seeds of two open pollinated popular varieties of okra namely Arka Anamika and Arka Abhay were irradiated with gamma doses of 30, 50 and 80 kR. The treatment 50 kR enhanced plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, single fruit weight and total fruit yield per plant. Spectrum of several chlorophyll mutants were observed in the M1 generation. Other macro-mutants such as early and late flowering types, dwarf statured plants, leaf and flower mutants were also noticed at different doses of gamma radiation. The total number of visible mutation followed a trend of increasing frequency with the increase in dose of radiation.

EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON Salvia officinalis L. AND Melissa officinalis L. IN VITRO PLANTS

Salvia officinalis L. (sage) and Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) are two valuable medicinal plants from Lamiaceae family. Considering the therapeutic potential of sage and lemon balm extracts, there is currently great interest to increase the production of biological material and the synthesis of bioactive compounds by different methods. Both micropropagation and gamma irradiation represent efficient methods of stimulating the synthesis of bioactive compounds in plants. In order to produce biological material, it is important to establish the doses of gamma radiation that do not have a phytotoxic effect on plants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of gamma irradiation (100, 300, and 500 Gy) on sage and lemon balm by quantifying of some biochemical compounds (assimilatory pigments, soluble carbohydrates, and total polyphenols) in in vitro plants. The results obtained revealed that high doses of gamma radiation have phytotoxic effect on in vitro raised plants. However, micropropagation is an efficient method to produce high quality biological material, source for obtaining extracts with therapeutic potential.

Qualitative and Quantitative Traits Associate Genetic Variability of Soybean (Glycine max) Mutants for Expedited Varietal Improvement Program

Background: Soybean is an excellent source of protein, also richer in oil than most legumes, making them a good source for vegetable oil and biofuels. Among various difficulties the maturity period of existing soybean varieties is the main hindrance of utilizing this for the existing cropping system. The narrow genetic base of cultivated soybean varieties and germplasm limit the scope to utilize directly in the breeding program. Methods: Mutation breeding is one of the techniques that provide large genetic diversity from a single source. To broaden the genetic diversity Binasoybean-3 and Binasoybean-4 were imposed to different doses of gamma radiation. The mutants were selected based on their agronomic performance and grouped at five different clusters at M5 generations. Maximum selection pressure was done during maturity period with protein and oil content. Result: Finally, eight mutants were selected for the advance breeding program, whereas mutants SM-03-15-5 mature within 90 days, containing 38% protein and 18.4% oil content will be considered directly for further steps of varietal release system. Background: Soybean is an excellent source of protein, also richer in oil than most legumes, making them a good source for vegetable oil and biofuels. Among various difficulties the maturity period of existing soybean varieties is the main hindrance of utilizing this for the existing cropping system. The narrow genetic base of cultivated soybean varieties and germplasm limit the scope to utilize directly in the breeding program.